The Whys and Wherefores of Penalty Elements in Copper Concentrates

機譯：銅精礦中罰款元素的原因和理由

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It is commonly known that copper smelter terms include penalties if the concentrations of elements,rnsuch as arsenic, mercury and fluorine, exceed stipulated limits. It is less commonly known that thernbehaviour of these elements in the smelters can depend on the processes used to treat the concentrate.rnThe principle behind the penalties is to compensate the smelters and refineries for additional costsrncaused by the presence of the penalty elements, but these costs will vary depending on the processrnused and the location of the smelter.rnThe issues caused by the minor elements include effects on the occupational health of smelterrnworkers, increased environmental disposal costs, increased operating costs and reduced cathoderncopper quality.rnThe effects of minor elements can be surprising. High levels of arsenic in concentrate are consideredrnundesirable, but some smelters add arsenic to anode copper to improve the performance of thernrefinery.rnExcess concentrations of some elements will result in rejection of concentrates by smelters. China hasrnblanket import bans on copper concentrates with concentrations of lead, arsenic cadmium, fluorinernand mercury exceeding specified levels.rnThis paper will review the behaviour of minor elements in smelters and refineries, explaining therndeleterious effects of each of them, to provide a greater understanding for people and organisationsrnwishing to market copper concentrates.

機譯：眾所周知，如果砷，汞和氟等元素的濃度超過規定的限值，則銅冶煉廠的術語將包括罰款。鮮為人知的是，冶煉廠中這些元素的行為可能取決于處理精礦的過程。罰款背后的原理是補償冶煉廠和精煉廠因存在罰款元素而造成的額外費用，但這些費用微量元素所引起的問題包括對冶煉廠工人職業健康的影響，增加的環境處置成本，增加的運營成本和陰極銅質量的降低。微量元素的影響可能令人驚訝。精礦中高含量的砷被認為是不希望的，但是一些冶煉廠向陽極銅中添加砷以提高精煉廠的性能。某些元素的濃度過高將導致冶煉廠拒絕精礦。中國已全面禁止鉛，砷，鎘，氟和汞的含量超過規定水平的銅精礦的進口禁令。本文將回顧冶煉廠和精煉廠中微量元素的行為，解釋每種元素的有害作用，以使人們更好地理解。以及希望銷售銅精礦的組織。

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來源
《Plant design amp; operating strategies - world's best practice》|2013年|502-518|共17頁
會議地點 Perth(AU)
作者
C Fountain;
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MAusIMM, PO Box 1199, West Perth WA 6872. Email: chrisjan@tpg.com.au;

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原文格式 PDF
正文語種 eng
中圖分類
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入庫時間 2022-08-26 13:44:17

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The Whys and Wherefores of Penalty Elements in Copper Concentrates

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